The authors of the brief, Christel Cederberg, Madelene Ostwald and Martin Persson, argue that biofuel production can lead to indirect effects. In addition to the risk of increased direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from land use change and “Indirect Land Use Change” (ILUC) they write about the risk for negative implications on poverty, food-security and biodiversity. Furthermore with higher profitability of cultivated crops intensified land-use, e.g. through increased use of pesticides and fertilizers, is to be expected which similarly to some other indirect effects raise sustainability concerns. The brief authors provide recommendations on how both positive and negative implications of land-use change and increased demand for biomass can be better accounted for.